Web Frameworks Comparison :: Irurueta Docs

Scope and inclusion criteria

A framework is included when at least one of these holds:

It has its own section or page on this site: React, Angular, Vue.js, jQuery, Next.js, Vaadin (Flow and Hilla), JSF, Thymeleaf, JSP, GWT, Blazor, Razor Pages, Django templates, Laravel Blade, Livewire and Inertia, htmx (in the Thymeleaf and axum sections), and the CSS frameworks Bootstrap, Tailwind CSS and Sass (a preprocessor, for context).
It appears in the framework lists of State of JS 2025, the Stack Overflow Developer Survey 2025 or the JetBrains survey 2023, or ranks in npm downloads or HTTP Archive detections: Svelte, SolidJS, Preact, Lit, Qwik and Alpine.js; Nuxt, SvelteKit, Remix (now React Router 7), Astro and Angular SSR; Phoenix LiveView and Hotwire; Bulma, Foundation, Material UI and shadcn/ui.
It matters for history: ASP.NET Web Forms, GWT, jQuery, AngularJS (1.x), Backbone.js, Ember.js and Knockout.

CSS frameworks have their own metrics (popularity, usage on websites, stylesheet size, ease of use) and their own radar; they are never mixed with the JavaScript framework radars. Frameworks without a section on this site get fewer metrics where data is scarce: the feature matrix and the site-coverage columns are only assessed for the documented ones. Every framework name links to its section on this site, or to its official website when the site has no section.

Table 1. Frameworks compared on this page (42); first release, licence and governance from frameworks.csv (npm-registry, pypi-json, packagist, maven-central, official-websites)
Framework	Group	Language	First release	Status	Licence	Governance	On this site
ASP.NET Web Forms	dotnet	C#	2002	legacy	n/a	Microsoft	yes
React	client	JavaScript/TypeScript	2012-01-14	active	MIT	React Foundation (Linux Foundation)	yes
Angular	client	TypeScript	2016-09-15	active	MIT	Google	yes
Vue.js	client	JavaScript/TypeScript	2013-12-07	active	MIT	Evan You and community	yes
jQuery	client	JavaScript	2011-03-19	legacy	MIT	OpenJS Foundation	yes
Svelte	client	JavaScript/TypeScript	2016-11-17	active	MIT	Svelte contributors	no
SolidJS	client	JavaScript/TypeScript	2018-04-25	active	MIT	n/a	no
Preact	client	JavaScript	2015-09-11	active	MIT	n/a	no
Lit	client	JavaScript/TypeScript	2021-09-21	active	BSD-3-Clause	OpenJS Foundation	no
Qwik	client	TypeScript	2021-06-01	active	MIT	n/a	no
htmx	client	JavaScript (hypermedia)	2020-05-02	active	0BSD	n/a	yes
Alpine.js	client	JavaScript	2019-12-18	active	MIT	n/a	no
Next.js	meta	JavaScript/TypeScript	2016-10-25	active	MIT	n/a	yes
Nuxt	meta	JavaScript/TypeScript	2016-10-26	active	MIT	n/a	no
SvelteKit	meta	JavaScript/TypeScript	2020-10-14	active	MIT	n/a	no
Remix / React Router 7	meta	JavaScript/TypeScript	2021-11-17	active	MIT	n/a	no
Astro	meta	JavaScript/TypeScript	2021-03-12	active	MIT	n/a	no
Angular SSR	meta	TypeScript	2023-11-08	active	MIT	Google	yes
Vaadin (Flow and Hilla)	server-java	Java	2018-06-25	active	Apache-2.0	n/a	yes
JSF (Jakarta Faces)	server-java	Java	2011-12-21	active	n/a	Eclipse Foundation	yes
Thymeleaf	server-java	Java	2011-07-17	active	Apache-2.0	n/a	yes
JSP (Jakarta Pages)	server-java	Java	2008-09-10	legacy	n/a	Eclipse Foundation	yes
GWT	server-java	Java	2007-09-17	legacy	n/a	n/a	yes
Blazor	server-other	C#	2019	active	n/a	Microsoft	yes
Razor Pages	server-other	C#	2017-08-11	active	n/a	Microsoft	yes
Django templates	server-other	Python	n/a	active	n/a	Django Software Foundation	yes
Laravel Blade	server-other	PHP	n/a	active	n/a	n/a	yes
Livewire	server-other	PHP	2019-04-15	active	MIT	n/a	yes
Inertia	server-other	PHP/JavaScript	2023-01-14	active	MIT	n/a	yes
Phoenix LiveView	server-other	Elixir	2019-08-25	active	MIT	n/a	no
Hotwire (Turbo)	server-other	Ruby/JavaScript	2021-09-24	active	MIT	n/a	no
Bootstrap	css	CSS	2011-08-28	active	MIT	n/a	yes
Tailwind CSS	css	CSS	2017-10-06	active	MIT	n/a	yes
Sass (preprocessor, context)	css	CSS preprocessor	2017-06-06	active	MIT	the Sass team	yes
Bulma	css	CSS	2016-01-27	active	MIT	n/a	no
Foundation	css	CSS	2015-04-30	legacy	MIT	n/a	no
Material UI	css	React components	2021-09-16	active	MIT	n/a	no
shadcn/ui	css	React components	2024-07-09	active	MIT	n/a	no
AngularJS (1.x)	historical	JavaScript	2012-03-28	historical	MIT	Google	no
Backbone.js	historical	JavaScript	2011-07-01	historical	MIT	n/a	no
Ember.js	historical	JavaScript	2017-01-24	active	MIT	n/a	no
Knockout	historical	JavaScript	2012-05-09	historical	MIT	n/a	no

How metrics, scales and scores were assigned

Metrics. A value is recorded only when it was read in the source named for it; otherwise it is n/a and charts draw a gap or an "n/a" label, never a zero. Derived values use the publisher’s own formula (State of JS ratios from the published answer counts, js-framework-benchmark factors from its raw results), documented in scripts/framework-charts/data/NOTES.md.

Metric	What it measures	Source	Edition or date
Survey usage, admired, desired	Share of respondents who used a framework; share of its users who want to keep using it; share of all respondents who want to use it	Stack Overflow Developer Survey	2019 to 2025 (2026 has no frameworks question)
State of JS usage, retention, interest	Usage, positive sentiment among users (retention) and among non-users (interest)	State of JS	2016 to 2025
Share within a language	Share of JavaScript or C# developers who use the framework	JetBrains State of Developer Ecosystem	2023
npm downloads	Monthly downloads and the 12 months to 2026-06	npm downloads API	2015-01 to 2026-09
Usage on live websites	Origins detected by HTTP Archive; share of the top 10 million websites	HTTP Archive, W3Techs	September 2026 crawl; 2026-10-27
Job demand	Share of Hacker News "Who is hiring?" postings that mention the framework	Hacker News through Algolia	2015-01 to 2026-10
Runtime performance	Weighted geometric mean of the CPU benchmarks, memory and first paint, relative to the fastest keyed implementation	js-framework-benchmark	Chrome 156.0.8078.48 results
Bundle size	Compressed size of the same minimal benchmark application, min+gzip size of the runtime package, stylesheet size of CSS frameworks	js-framework-benchmark, Bundlephobia, jsDelivr	2026-10-27
Core Web Vitals	Share of origins with good LCP, CLS and INP	HTTP Archive Core Web Vitals Technology Report	September 2026 crawl
Ecosystem, support and security	Release history, support cycles and LTS, advisories and OpenSSF Scorecard	registries, endoflife.date, OSV.dev, OpenSSF Scorecard	2026-10-27

Metric

What it measures

Source

Edition or date

Survey usage, admired, desired

Share of respondents who used a framework; share of its users who want to keep using it; share of all respondents who want to use it

Stack Overflow Developer Survey

2019 to 2025 (2026 has no frameworks question)

State of JS usage, retention, interest

Usage, positive sentiment among users (retention) and among non-users (interest)

State of JS

2016 to 2025

Share within a language

Share of JavaScript or C# developers who use the framework

JetBrains State of Developer Ecosystem

2023

npm downloads

Monthly downloads and the 12 months to 2026-06

npm downloads API

2015-01 to 2026-09

Usage on live websites

Origins detected by HTTP Archive; share of the top 10 million websites

HTTP Archive, W3Techs

September 2026 crawl; 2026-10-27

Job demand

Share of Hacker News "Who is hiring?" postings that mention the framework

Hacker News through Algolia

2015-01 to 2026-10

Runtime performance

Weighted geometric mean of the CPU benchmarks, memory and first paint, relative to the fastest keyed implementation

js-framework-benchmark

Chrome 156.0.8078.48 results

Bundle size

Compressed size of the same minimal benchmark application, min+gzip size of the runtime package, stylesheet size of CSS frameworks

js-framework-benchmark, Bundlephobia, jsDelivr

2026-10-27

Core Web Vitals

Share of origins with good LCP, CLS and INP

HTTP Archive Core Web Vitals Technology Report

September 2026 crawl

Ecosystem, support and security

Release history, support cycles and LTS, advisories and OpenSSF Scorecard

registries, endoflife.date, OSV.dev, OpenSSF Scorecard

2026-10-27

Radar scores (0 to 10, higher is better). Each radar axis is either computed © or editorial (E), relative to the frameworks on this page; CSS frameworks are scored among themselves.

Popularity ©: survey usage relative to the most used framework, registry downloads (npm for most frameworks; a framework on several registries is scored in the one with the most frameworks on this page, so Inertia is ranked on npm), GitHub stars and HTTP Archive origins, the last three on a log scale.
Growth ©: change in survey usage (2023 to 2025), in npm downloads year over year and in State of JS usage, each scaled between the slowest and fastest grower.
Talent pool and jobs ©: professional survey usage and Hacker News job-posting share, relative to the best framework.
Ease of use, Ecosystem and maturity, Productivity (E): written rubric, with a basis per framework in the radar tables.
Runtime performance ©: js-framework-benchmark CPU factor f, 10 × (1 − log2(f) / 3); 8 times slower than the fastest scores 0.
Bundle size ©: compressed size of the benchmark application relative to the smallest, on a log scale; 100 times larger scores 0.
Performance ©: mean of runtime performance, bundle size and the Core Web Vitals mobile pass rate relative to the best.

The full formulas, the rubric and the method of every dataset are in scripts/framework-charts/data/NOTES.md.

Overview and timeline

jQuery (on npm since 2011), Backbone.js, Knockout and AngularJS (on npm since 2011 and 2012) shaped the early single-page applications; React’s first npm release by the project dates from 2012 and Angular 2 and later (@angular/core) from 2016. The component and compiler generation followed: Vue.js (2013), Svelte (2016), SolidJS (2018), Qwik and Astro (2021). Meta-frameworks arrived with Next.js and Nuxt (2016). AngularJS reached its end of life on 2021-12-31 (endoflife.date).

Timeline of 42 web frameworks from 2000 to 2027 with bars from the first release, circles at each major version and a cross at the AngularJS end of life

Figure 1. First release, first stable release of each major version and end of life. Sources: package registries and the site pages named in frameworks.csv, read 2026-10-27.

Popularity

In the Stack Overflow survey 2025, React is used by 44.7% of respondents, jQuery by 23.4%, Next.js by 20.8%, Angular by 18.2% and Vue.js by 17.6%. Svelte (62.4%) and Astro (62.2%) are the most admired of the front-end frameworks, React has 52.1% and AngularJS 21.9%. Among JavaScript developers (JetBrains 2023), 57% use React, 32% Vue.js, 27% Next.js and 20% Angular.

Horizontal bar chart of 2025 survey usage, led by React at 44.7 percent and jQuery at 23.4 percent

Figure 2. Usage of web frameworks in the Stack Overflow Developer Survey 2025. Source: Stack Overflow Developer Survey 2025.

Grouped bar chart of admired and desired shares per web framework, with Svelte and Astro most admired

Figure 3. Admired and desired in the Stack Overflow Developer Survey 2025. Source: Stack Overflow Developer Survey 2025.

Figure 4. Framework use among JavaScript and C# developers. Source: JetBrains State of Developer Ecosystem 2023.

On npm, React had 4,023 million downloads in the 12 months to 2026-06, Tailwind CSS 2,685 million and Next.js 1,240 million; npm counts include CI and are only compared with other npm packages.

Horizontal bar chart of npm downloads in the 12 months to June 2026, led by React, Tailwind CSS and Next.js

Figure 5. npm downloads in the 12 months to 2026-06. Source: npm downloads API.

Usage on live websites tells a different story, because old sites stay online: HTTP Archive detects jQuery on 5,581,844 origins in its September 2026 mobile crawl, Bootstrap on 2,235,330 and React on 1,312,185, and W3Techs finds jQuery on 64.4% of the top 10 million websites against 6% for React.

Horizontal bar chart of origins per technology in the HTTP Archive mobile crawl, led by jQuery, Bootstrap and React

Figure 6. Origins detected in the HTTP Archive mobile crawl, September 2026. Source: HTTP Archive technology report.

Figure 7. Share of websites using each JavaScript library or CSS framework. Sources: W3Techs JavaScript libraries and W3Techs CSS frameworks, 2026-10-27.

Horizontal bar chart of GitHub stars per web framework, led by React and Bootstrap

Figure 8. GitHub stars of the main repository. Source: deps.dev, read 2026-10-27.

Table 2. Popularity signals (so-2025, state-of-js, jetbrains-2023, deps-dev, httparchive-techreport, w3techs-js, w3techs-css); JetBrains shares are within each language and not comparable across languages
Framework	SO usage 2025	SO admired	SO desired	State of JS usage 2025	State of JS retention	JetBrains 2023 (own language)	GitHub stars	HTTP Archive origins	W3Techs sites
React	44.7%	52.1%	30.7%	85.1%	72.4%	57.0%	252k	1,312k	6.0%
Angular	18.2%	44.7%	12.6%	48.4%	48.1%	20.0%	101k	119k	0.2%
Vue.js	17.6%	50.9%	15.3%	53.0%	84.5%	32.0%	55k	619k	0.6%
jQuery	23.4%	31.4%	9.0%	n/a	n/a	n/a	60k	5,582k	64.4%
Svelte	7.2%	62.4%	11.1%	27.5%	87.0%	7.0%	88k	95k	0.1%
SolidJS	n/a	n/a	n/a	10.5%	90.0%	n/a	36k	0k	n/a
Preact	n/a	n/a	n/a	15.3%	81.7%	1.0%	39k	386k	n/a
Lit	n/a	n/a	n/a	10.4%	67.7%	1.0%	22k	456k	n/a
Qwik	n/a	n/a	n/a	3.5%	64.8%	n/a	22k	1k	n/a
htmx	n/a	n/a	n/a	9.0%	69.3%	n/a	50k	25k	0.1%
Alpine.js	n/a	n/a	n/a	9.3%	77.7%	n/a	32k	108k	n/a
Next.js	20.8%	45.5%	14.9%	59.1%	55.3%	27.0%	143k	405k	3.7%
Nuxt	4.0%	46.4%	4.0%	23.8%	80.4%	5.0%	61k	95k	0.8%
SvelteKit	n/a	n/a	n/a	17.7%	88.7%	n/a	21k	10k	n/a
Remix / React Router 7	n/a	n/a	n/a	14.2%	68.1%	2.0%	57k	5k	n/a
Astro	4.5%	62.2%	5.9%	27.6%	94.0%	3.0%	63k	49k	n/a
Vaadin (Flow and Hilla)	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	1.0%	1k	0k	n/a
JSF (Jakarta Faces)	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	3.0%	0k	4k	n/a
Thymeleaf	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	3k	n/a	n/a
JSP (Jakarta Pages)	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	2k	n/a
GWT	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	2k	4k	n/a
Blazor	7.0%	51.9%	7.1%	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	3k	n/a
Razor Pages	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	22.0%	n/a	n/a	n/a
Livewire	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	24k	22k	n/a
Inertia	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	8k	17k	n/a
Phoenix LiveView	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	7k	1k	n/a
Hotwire (Turbo)	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	7k	20k	n/a
Bootstrap	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	175k	2,235k	13.1%
Tailwind CSS	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	98k	691k	0.3%
Sass (preprocessor, context)	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	4k	1k	n/a
Bulma	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	50k	2k	n/a
Foundation	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	30k	n/a	0.4%
Material UI	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	99k	65k	n/a
shadcn/ui	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	126k	116k	n/a
AngularJS (1.x)	7.2%	21.9%	4.0%	n/a	n/a	n/a	58k	81k	n/a
Backbone.js	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	28k	104k	0.7%
Ember.js	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	23k	5k	n/a
Knockout	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	11k	18k	0.1%

Table 3. Registry downloads: compare only within one registry (units and periods differ)
Framework	Registry	Package	Period	Downloads	Primary	Source
React	npm	react	12 months to 2026-06	4022.9M	yes	npm-downloads
Tailwind CSS	npm	tailwindcss	12 months to 2026-06	2685.5M	yes	npm-downloads
Remix / React Router 7	npm	react-router	12 months to 2026-06	1511.2M	no	npm-downloads
Next.js	npm	next	12 months to 2026-06	1240.1M	yes	npm-downloads
Sass (preprocessor, context)	npm	sass	12 months to 2026-06	1138.8M	yes	npm-downloads
jQuery	npm	jquery	12 months to 2026-06	895.0M	yes	npm-downloads
Preact	npm	preact	12 months to 2026-06	634.7M	yes	npm-downloads
Vue.js	npm	vue	12 months to 2026-06	467.1M	yes	npm-downloads
Material UI	npm	@mui/material	12 months to 2026-06	364.6M	yes	npm-downloads
Bootstrap	npm	bootstrap	12 months to 2026-06	276.1M	yes	npm-downloads
Angular	npm	@angular/core	12 months to 2026-06	236.7M	yes	npm-downloads
Lit	npm	lit	12 months to 2026-06	217.2M	yes	npm-downloads
Svelte	npm	svelte	12 months to 2026-06	152.9M	yes	npm-downloads
shadcn/ui	npm	shadcn	12 months to 2026-06	90.3M	yes	npm-downloads
SolidJS	npm	solid-js	12 months to 2026-06	74.3M	yes	npm-downloads
Astro	npm	astro	12 months to 2026-06	73.8M	yes	npm-downloads
Material UI	npm	@material-ui/core	12 months to 2026-06	64.1M	no	npm-downloads
Nuxt	npm	nuxt	12 months to 2026-06	60.5M	yes	npm-downloads
SvelteKit	npm	@sveltejs/kit	12 months to 2026-06	57.0M	yes	npm-downloads
Sass (preprocessor, context)	npm	node-sass	12 months to 2026-06	56.8M	no	npm-downloads
Backbone.js	npm	backbone	12 months to 2026-06	43.1M	yes	npm-downloads
Hotwire (Turbo)	npm	@hotwired/turbo	12 months to 2026-06	31.7M	yes	npm-downloads
Remix / React Router 7	npm	@remix-run/react	12 months to 2026-06	28.6M	yes	npm-downloads
AngularJS (1.x)	npm	angular	12 months to 2026-06	25.8M	yes	npm-downloads
Inertia	npm	@inertiajs/core	12 months to 2026-06	25.7M	yes	npm-downloads
Alpine.js	npm	alpinejs	12 months to 2026-06	20.2M	yes	npm-downloads
Angular SSR	npm	@angular/ssr	12 months to 2026-06	17.7M	yes	npm-downloads
Bulma	npm	bulma	12 months to 2026-06	13.1M	yes	npm-downloads
Ember.js	npm	ember-source	12 months to 2026-06	12.2M	yes	npm-downloads
Knockout	npm	knockout	12 months to 2026-06	6.0M	yes	npm-downloads
htmx	npm	htmx.org	12 months to 2026-06	5.9M	yes	npm-downloads
Foundation	npm	foundation-sites	12 months to 2026-06	5.2M	yes	npm-downloads
Angular SSR	npm	@nguniversal/express-engine	12 months to 2026-06	2.6M	no	npm-downloads
Qwik	npm	@builder.io/qwik	12 months to 2026-06	1.3M	yes	npm-downloads
Livewire	Packagist	livewire/livewire	last 30 days	9.6M	yes	packagist
Inertia	Packagist	inertiajs/inertia-laravel	last 30 days	8.5M	yes	packagist
Blazor	NuGet	Microsoft.AspNetCore.Components.WebAssembly	total	82.6M	yes	nuget-search
Phoenix LiveView	Hex	phoenix_live_view	last 90 days	4.5M	yes	hex
Hotwire (Turbo)	RubyGems	turbo-rails	total	91.2M	yes	rubygems

Growth trends

React’s survey share rose from 40.58% (2023) to 44.7% (2025) and Next.js’s from 16.67% to 20.8%, while jQuery went from 48.7% in 2019 to 23.4%. In State of JS, Next.js usage grew from 36.7% (2020) to 59.1% (2025) and Svelte from 14.5% to 27.5%, while Angular fell from 55.8% to 48.4%. On npm, downloads of SolidJS (3.9 times), Tailwind CSS (3.8 times), Inertia (3.8 times) and Astro (3.7 times) grew fastest between the 12 months to 2025-06 and the 12 months to 2026-06. GitHub stars over time are not shown yet, for the reasons given on the backend page: only the current stars appear under Popularity. On live websites, Next.js went from 4,178 origins (January 2020) to 404,724 (September 2026), Astro from 466 (January 2023) to 49,450 and htmx from 1,235 to 25,156, while jQuery fell from its 2023 peak of 7,783,523 origins.

Line chart of survey usage per year for React, Angular, Vue.js, jQuery, Next.js, Svelte, AngularJS and Blazor

Figure 9. Survey usage per year, 2019 to 2025. Source: Stack Overflow Developer Survey 2019 to 2025.

Line chart of State of JS usage per year for 8 front-end frameworks from 2016 to 2025

Figure 10. State of JS usage of front-end frameworks per year. Source: State of JS 2016 to 2025.

Line chart of State of JS usage per year for Next.js, Nuxt, SvelteKit, Astro and Remix

Figure 11. State of JS usage of meta-frameworks per year. Source: State of JS.

Line chart of State of JS retention per year for 8 front-end frameworks and meta-frameworks

Figure 12. State of JS retention (users who would use the framework again) per year. Source: State of JS.

Line chart of monthly npm downloads for React, Vue.js, Angular, Svelte, jQuery, Preact, SolidJS and Lit, with gaps where the API has no data

Figure 13. npm downloads per month, client-side UI frameworks. Source: npm downloads API, 2015-01 to 2026-09.

Line chart of monthly npm downloads for Next.js, Nuxt, SvelteKit, Astro, Remix, Angular SSR, Qwik and htmx

Figure 14. npm downloads per month, meta-frameworks and newer libraries. Source: npm downloads API.

Line chart of HTTP Archive origins in January of each year for 8 technologies

Figure 15. Usage on live websites over time. Source: HTTP Archive technology report, January 2020 to September 2026.

Scatter chart of the popularity score against the growth score for the web frameworks in the radar groups

Figure 16. Computed popularity against computed growth. Sources: see the formulas.

Talent pool and job market

Ease of finding developers. React is used by 46.9% of professional respondents in the 2025 survey, jQuery by 24.1%, Next.js by 21.5% and Angular by 19.8%, so React developers are the easiest to hire.

Job opportunities. React appears in 21.82% of the 2025 Hacker News "Who is hiring?" postings, Next.js in 5.58%, Vue.js in 2.48% and Tailwind CSS in 1.88%; Angular was mentioned in 11.77% of the postings in 2015 and 0.55% in 2025. These threads lean towards start-ups and remote work. No source publishes salaries by framework; language-level salaries are on the Programming Languages Comparative.

Figure 17. Share of Hacker News "Who is hiring?" postings that mention each framework, per year. Source: Hacker News through Algolia, 2015-01 to 2026-10.

Figure 18. Talent pool and job demand in 2025. Sources: Stack Overflow Developer Survey 2025, Hacker News.

Table 4. Talent pool and job demand (so-2025, hn-whoishiring); salary by framework is not published by any source
Framework	SO 2025 all respondents	SO 2025 professionals	HN hiring 2025	HN hiring 2020	HN hiring 2015	Salary
React	44.7%	46.9%	21.8%	30.0%	9.2%	n/a
Angular	18.2%	19.8%	0.6%	3.4%	11.8%	n/a
Vue.js	17.6%	18.4%	2.5%	4.0%	0.0%	n/a
jQuery	23.4%	24.1%	0.1%	0.4%	3.6%	n/a
Svelte	7.2%	6.9%	0.6%	0.2%	0.0%	n/a
htmx	n/a	n/a	0.4%	0.0%	0.0%	n/a
Next.js	20.8%	21.5%	5.6%	1.0%	0.0%	n/a
Nuxt	4.0%	4.1%	0.1%	0.2%	0.0%	n/a
Astro	4.5%	4.3%	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Blazor	7.0%	7.6%	0.1%	0.1%	0.0%	n/a
Tailwind CSS	n/a	n/a	1.9%	0.1%	0.0%	n/a
AngularJS (1.x)	7.2%	7.5%	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Backbone.js	n/a	n/a	0.0%	0.0%	1.9%	n/a
Ember.js	n/a	n/a	0.1%	0.7%	2.3%	n/a

Ease of use and learning curve

Ease of use is an editorial score (rubric above, basis per framework in the radar tables). Libraries close to HTML (Vue.js, Svelte, Alpine.js, htmx, Thymeleaf) are quickest to start; React is small but needs a router and a framework choice; Angular asks for TypeScript, dependency injection, RxJS and signals before the first page, and Next.js’s App Router and caching rules take time to master. State of JS retention supports the picture: Astro (94%), SolidJS (90%), SvelteKit (88.7%) and Svelte (87%) keep their users best, Angular (48.1%) and Next.js (55.3%) least. For tools and editors see IDEs and tools; for UI component libraries in the Java world see Vaadin UI component libraries.

Ecosystem and maturity

Angular publishes a dated support window per major (version 22 to 2028-06-30) and shipped ten majors in five years; React and Vue.js have no announced end-of-life date for their current major on endoflife.date, and Vue.js shipped no new major in five years. Next.js had 88 releases in 12 months and Astro 113, while Bootstrap, Bulma and Foundation had none.

Table 5. Ecosystem and maturity (npm-registry, pypi-json, packagist, maven-central, nuget-registration, crates-io, endoflife-date); majors count first stable releases of each major version (1 or later) since 2021-10-27
Framework	First release	Latest version	Latest release	Majors in 5 years	Releases in 12 months	Current cycle	Cycle end of life	LTS	Extension ecosystem
ASP.NET Web Forms	2002	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	4.8.1	not announced	no	n/a
React	2012-01-14	19.3.1	2026-10-14	2	29	19	not announced	no	n/a
Angular	2016-09-15	22.2.3	2026-10-14	10	101	22	2028-06-30	no	n/a
Vue.js	2013-12-07	3.5.44	2026-10-13	0	22	3.5	not announced	no	n/a
jQuery	2011-03-19	4.0.0	2026-01-18	1	1	4	not announced	no	n/a
Svelte	2016-11-17	5.57.3	2026-10-26	2	98	5	not announced	no	n/a
SolidJS	2018-04-25	1.9.17	2026-10-07	0	7	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Preact	2015-09-11	11.0.2	2026-10-23	1	19	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Lit	2021-09-21	3.3.3	2026-05-14	1	2	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Qwik	2021-06-01	1.20.3	2026-10-25	1	9	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
htmx	2020-05-02	2.0.11	2026-09-22	2	4	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Alpine.js	2019-12-18	3.17.5	2026-10-20	0	21	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Next.js	2016-10-25	16.4.3	2026-10-23	4	88	16	not announced	yes	n/a
Nuxt	2016-10-26	4.6.3	2026-10-27	2	31	4	not announced	no	n/a
SvelteKit	2020-10-14	3.1.0	2026-10-14	3	59	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Remix / React Router 7	2021-11-17	2.17.5	2026-06-01	2	4	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Astro	2021-03-12	7.4.2	2026-10-21	7	113	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Angular SSR	2023-11-08	22.2.4	2026-10-22	6	110	22	2028-06-30	no	n/a
Vaadin (Flow and Hilla)	2018-06-25	25.3.4	2026-10-26	4	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
JSF (Jakarta Faces)	2011-12-21	4.1.19	2026-10-23	1	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Thymeleaf	2011-07-17	3.1.5.RELEASE	2026-04-21	0	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
JSP (Jakarta Pages)	2008-09-10	4.0.0	2024-05-09	1	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
GWT	2007-09-17	2.13.1	2026-06-17	0	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Blazor	2019	10.0.14	2026-10-25	5	n/a	10	2028-11-14	yes	n/a
Razor Pages	2017-08-11	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	10	2028-11-14	yes	n/a
Django templates	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	6.1	2027-12-31	yes	n/a
Laravel Blade	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	13	2028-03-17	yes	n/a
Livewire	2019-04-15	4.4.8	2026-10-21	2	57	4	not announced	no	2,700 packagist dependents
Inertia	2023-01-14	3.9.1	2026-10-09	3	55	n/a	n/a	n/a	900 packagist dependents
Phoenix LiveView	2019-08-25	1.2.13	2026-10-20	1	32	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Hotwire (Turbo)	2021-09-24	8.0.23	2026-01-29	1	5	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Bootstrap	2011-08-28	5.3.8	2025-08-26	0	0	5	not announced	yes	n/a
Tailwind CSS	2017-10-06	4.3.3	2026-07-16	2	12	4.3	not announced	no	n/a
Sass (preprocessor, context)	2017-06-06	1.106.1	2026-10-21	0	31	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Bulma	2016-01-27	1.0.4	2025-04-19	1	0	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Foundation	2015-04-30	6.9.0	2024-09-27	0	0	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Material UI	2021-09-16	9.5.0	2026-10-09	3	17	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
shadcn/ui	2024-07-09	4.22.2	2026-10-27	4	64	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
AngularJS (1.x)	2012-03-28	1.8.3	2022-04-07	0	0	1.8	2021-12-31	yes	n/a
Backbone.js	2011-07-01	1.6.1	2025-04-01	0	0	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Ember.js	2017-01-24	7.4.0	2026-10-26	4	19	7.3	not announced	yes	n/a
Knockout	2012-05-09	3.5.3	2026-03-25	0	2	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a

Productivity

The feature matrix covers the frameworks documented on this site; each "yes" or "partial" links to the page that documents the feature. Angular, Vue.js and Next.js include routing, state, forms, TypeScript, scaffolding and hot reload; React and jQuery leave most of these to libraries, and the server-rendered view layers inherit them from their framework.

Table 6. Feature matrix for the frameworks documented on this site (site-pages, editorial): yes = built in or official first-party module, partial = limited or optional official add-on, no = not provided by the framework; each yes or partial links to the page that documents it
Framework	Rendering model	Router	State	Forms	TypeScript	CLI	Hot reload	Testing
React	client-side, server components through frameworks	no	partial	partial	partial	no	partial	partial
Next.js	SSR, SSG, ISR and React Server Components	yes	partial	yes	yes	yes	yes	partial
Angular	client-side, optional SSR and prerendering	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes
Vue.js	client-side, SSR through Nuxt	yes	yes	partial	yes	yes	yes	yes
jQuery	DOM scripting on server-rendered pages	no	no	partial	no	no	no	no
Vaadin (Flow and Hilla)	server-driven components (Flow) or React views (Hilla)	yes	partial	yes	partial	yes	partial	partial
JSF (Jakarta Faces)	server-side component tree	partial	yes	yes	no	no	no	no
Thymeleaf	server-side templates	no	no	partial	no	no	partial	no
GWT	Java compiled to JavaScript (client-side)	partial	partial	partial	no	partial	partial	yes
Blazor	static SSR, interactive server (SignalR) or WebAssembly	yes	partial	yes	no	yes	yes	partial
Razor Pages	server-side page model	yes	no	yes	no	yes	yes	yes
Django templates	server-side templates	no	no	yes	no	yes	yes	yes
Laravel Blade	server-side templates	no	no	yes	no	yes	partial	yes
Livewire	server-rendered components updated over AJAX	no	yes	yes	no	yes	partial	yes
Inertia	server routing with React, Vue or Svelte pages	no	partial	yes	yes	yes	yes	partial

Performance

Runtime performance. In js-framework-benchmark (Chrome 156, keyed implementations), the weighted geometric mean of the CPU benchmarks is 1.14 times the fastest for SolidJS, 1.19 for Svelte, 1.28 for Lit, 1.30 for Vue.js, 1.53 for Angular and 1.56 for React; vanilla JavaScript is 1.02. Blazor WebAssembly (4.88), Qwik (3.31) and Alpine.js (2.98) are the slowest of the frameworks shown; jQuery, htmx and Backbone have no keyed implementation.

Three panels of horizontal bars: CPU factor, memory factor and first paint per framework, lower is better

Figure 19. js-framework-benchmark: CPU and memory factors and first paint. Source: js-framework-benchmark, Chrome 156.0.8078.48.

Bundle size. The same minimal benchmark application weighs 4.5 kB (brotli) with SolidJS, 5.9 kB with Preact, 9.7 kB with Svelte, 23.3 kB with Vue.js, 44.7 kB with Angular and 51.4 kB with React, against 1,377 kB for Blazor WebAssembly.

Two panels of horizontal bars: compressed size of the benchmark app and min+gzip size of the runtime package, lower is better

Figure 20. Bundle size: benchmark application and runtime package. Sources: js-framework-benchmark, Bundlephobia.

Core Web Vitals. The share of origins with good LCP, CLS and INP on mobile depends as much on how sites are built and hosted as on the framework: 79.12% for SolidJS, 71.08% for Astro, 54.69% for jQuery, 43.93% for React, 35.66% for Next.js and 16.52% for Angular in the September 2026 crawl.

Figure 21. Share of origins with good Core Web Vitals on mobile. Source: HTTP Archive Core Web Vitals Technology Report, September 2026.

SSR throughput of the meta-frameworks would need a house measurement, which was not made for this page; it is n/a.

Scatter chart of the performance score against the ease-of-use score for the web frameworks in the radar groups

Figure 22. Computed performance against editorial ease of use. Sources: see the formulas.

Table 7. Web performance (js-framework-benchmark, bundlephobia, httparchive-techreport); js-framework-benchmark factors are relative to the fastest keyed implementation (Chrome 156)
Framework	CPU factor	Memory factor	Benchmark app (kB, brotli)	Runtime (kB, min+gzip)	First paint (ms)	CWV good, mobile	CWV good, desktop
vanilla JavaScript (baseline)	1.02	1.06	2.5	n/a	40.7	n/a	n/a
React	1.56	2.62	51.4	n/a	228.1	43.9%	54.7%
Angular	1.53	3.05	44.7	137.8	166.2	16.5%	27.2%
Vue.js	1.30	1.92	23.3	46.3	95.8	36.2%	50.9%
Svelte	1.19	1.48	9.7	10.5	65.5	53.6%	65.7%
SolidJS	1.14	1.28	4.5	8.2	53.5	79.1%	80.3%
Preact	1.62	1.43	5.9	4.9	56.7	55.6%	60.8%
Lit	1.28	1.45	7.3	5.9	53.8	48.0%	53.0%
Qwik	3.31	4.67	30.5	30.0	97.9	62.1%	92.5%
Alpine.js	2.98	3.36	14.7	18.6	73.2	61.2%	66.8%
Ember.js	2.04	8.92	38.4	n/a	161.4	38.5%	51.7%
Knockout	2.23	2.87	22.4	24.0	93.8	51.4%	53.5%
Blazor	4.88	4.70	1377.0	n/a	70.2	26.4%	35.7%
jQuery	n/a	n/a	n/a	27.0	n/a	54.7%	59.5%
htmx	n/a	n/a	n/a	17.8	n/a	51.2%	33.6%
Backbone.js	n/a	n/a	n/a	15.2	n/a	41.9%	47.0%
AngularJS (1.x)	n/a	n/a	n/a	62.2	n/a	37.9%	39.0%
Hotwire (Turbo)	n/a	n/a	n/a	24.5	n/a	66.7%	78.0%
Next.js	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	35.7%	57.0%
Remix / React Router 7	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	32.3%	53.4%
Ruby on Rails	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	56.9%	59.7%
Laravel	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	52.2%	64.3%
Nuxt	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	28.8%	42.1%
Express	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	37.8%	50.4%
Astro	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	71.1%	84.6%
CodeIgniter	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	53.0%	64.3%
Django	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	60.5%	68.3%
Livewire	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	61.4%	72.2%
Inertia	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	31.9%	57.9%
Symfony	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	80.5%	78.5%
SvelteKit	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	48.3%	63.1%
CakePHP	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	56.0%	60.7%
GWT	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	23.1%	41.9%
JSF (Jakarta Faces)	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	50.2%	79.0%
JSP (Jakarta Pages)	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	43.3%	63.6%
Sass (preprocessor, context)	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	56.0%	66.1%
Spring Boot	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	62.2%	51.9%
Phoenix LiveView	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	71.1%	82.1%
Flask	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	44.0%	53.4%
Vaadin (Flow and Hilla)	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	29.3%	63.3%
Zend Framework / Laminas	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	52.4%	83.6%
Phoenix	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	33.3%	20.6%

CSS frameworks

Tailwind CSS is the most downloaded CSS framework on npm (2,685 million in 12 months, 3.8 times the year before), while Bootstrap is detected on far more live origins (2,235,330 against 690,631) and on 13.1% of the top 10 million websites. The distributed Bootstrap stylesheet is 30.1 kB min+gzip, Bulma’s 63.7 kB and Foundation’s 17.2 kB; Tailwind CSS generates its stylesheet per project from the classes used, so its size is n/a. Sass is a preprocessor used by Bootstrap and Foundation, listed for context.

Three panels of horizontal bars: npm downloads, origins and stylesheet size for Bootstrap, Tailwind CSS, Bulma, Foundation, Material UI and shadcn/ui

Figure 23. CSS frameworks: downloads, usage on websites and stylesheet size. Sources: npm, HTTP Archive, jsDelivr.

Other metrics

Accessibility. The site documents accessibility features for the frameworks marked in the table; general guidance is in Web accessibility.

Security track record. Next.js (77 advisories in OSV), Astro (29), Nuxt (25), Remix and React Router (21) and Vaadin (20) have the most; Angular has 17 and React 11. Server-side features (rendering, routing, server actions) add attack surface that pure client libraries do not have.

Line chart of security advisories per year from 2016 to 2026 for 8 web frameworks

Figure 24. Security advisories per year. Source: OSV.dev, read 2026-10-27.

Deployment targets (containers, serverless, edge, static export) and real-time support are listed where the site’s section documents them; real-time stacks are compared in the WebRTC and WebSockets decision guide.

Table 8. Security and other metrics (osv, openssf-scorecard, site-pages); deployment, real-time, accessibility and AI tooling say whether the site documents them (n/a is not "unsupported")
Framework	Advisories 2021-2025	Advisories (all)	Scorecard	Security policy	Deployment targets documented	Real-time	Accessibility	AI tooling
ASP.NET Web Forms	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	yes	n/a	n/a
React	4	11	7	yes	edge, static export	n/a	yes	n/a
Angular	2	17	8.3	yes	static export	yes	yes	n/a
Vue.js	1	1	6.3	yes	n/a	n/a	yes	n/a
jQuery	0	8	8.7	yes	n/a	yes	n/a	n/a
Svelte	3	14	7.6	yes	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
SolidJS	1	1	5.8	yes	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Preact	0	2	5.7	no	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Lit	0	0	8.1	yes	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Qwik	3	5	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
htmx	0	0	5	yes	n/a	yes	n/a	n/a
Alpine.js	0	0	5.7	yes	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Next.js	29	77	6.2	yes	containers, serverless, edge, static export	yes	yes	yes
Nuxt	5	25	7	yes	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
SvelteKit	7	19	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Remix / React Router 7	5	21	5.3	yes	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Astro	14	29	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Angular SSR	2	7	n/a	n/a	static export	yes	yes	n/a
Vaadin (Flow and Hilla)	13	20	6.9	yes	containers	yes	yes	n/a
JSF (Jakarta Faces)	0	3	n/a	n/a	containers	yes	yes	n/a
Thymeleaf	1	4	4.2	yes	containers	yes	yes	n/a
JSP (Jakarta Pages)	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	containers	yes	yes	n/a
GWT	0	0	5.9	no	containers	yes	yes	n/a
Blazor	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	yes	n/a	n/a
Razor Pages	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Django templates	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	yes	n/a
Laravel Blade	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Livewire	4	6	4.8	no	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Inertia	0	0	5.7	yes	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Phoenix LiveView	0	2	5.1	yes	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Hotwire (Turbo)	1	1	4.3	no	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Bootstrap	2	9	7.3	yes	n/a	n/a	yes	n/a
Tailwind CSS	0	0	6.7	no	n/a	n/a	yes	n/a
Sass (preprocessor, context)	0	0	6.3	no	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Bulma	0	0	2.8	no	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Foundation	0	1	3.6	partial	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Material UI	0	0	8.2	yes	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
shadcn/ui	0	0	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
AngularJS (1.x)	9	15	3.3	yes	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Backbone.js	0	1	4.7	yes	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Ember.js	0	0	6.9	no	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Knockout	0	1	2.2	no	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a

Comparison table

One table with every framework and every metric. Scores are 0 to 10 (higher is better), (E) marks the editorial axes, and n/a means the data does not exist or could not be sourced.

Table 9. Summary: every framework against every metric. Scores 0-10 (higher is better); (E) editorial, others computed; n/a = no data. CSS frameworks are scored among themselves.
Framework	Popularity	Growth	Talent/jobs	Ease of use (E)	Ecosystem (E)	Productivity (E)	Runtime perf.	Bundle size	Performance	Rendering	LTS	Advisories
ASP.NET Web Forms	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	no	n/a
React	9.8	3.8	10.0	6.0	9.0	6.0	7.9	4.7	6.1	client-side, server components through frameworks	no	11
Angular	7.4	1.5	2.2	4.0	9.0	9.0	8.0	5.0	5.0	client-side, optional SSR and prerendering	no	17
Vue.js	7.6	2.4	2.5	8.0	8.0	8.0	8.7	6.4	6.6	client-side, SSR through Nuxt	no	1
jQuery	8.4	1.5	2.6	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	6.9	DOM scripting on server-rendered pages	no	8
Svelte	6.7	2.9	0.9	8.0	7.0	6.0	9.2	8.3	8.1	n/a	no	14
SolidJS	6.5	7.2	n/a	6.0	5.0	5.0	9.4	10.0	9.8	n/a	n/a	1
Preact	8.6	5.0	n/a	8.0	7.0	5.0	7.7	9.4	8.0	n/a	n/a	2
Lit	8.4	5.0	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	8.8	8.9	7.9	n/a	n/a	0
Qwik	6.4	1.0	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	4.2	5.8	6.0	n/a	n/a	5
htmx	7.4	6.0	0.2	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	6.5	n/a	n/a	0
Alpine.js	7.8	3.8	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	4.7	7.4	6.6	n/a	n/a	0
Next.js	8.0	5.4	3.6	5.0	8.0	9.0	n/a	n/a	4.5	SSR, SSG, ISR and React Server Components	yes	77
Nuxt	6.3	2.1	0.5	7.0	7.0	8.0	n/a	n/a	3.6	n/a	no	25
SvelteKit	7.3	4.3	n/a	7.0	6.0	7.0	n/a	n/a	6.1	n/a	n/a	19
Remix / React Router 7	7.3	3.6	n/a	6.0	5.0	7.0	n/a	n/a	4.1	n/a	n/a	21
Astro	6.3	8.4	0.9	8.0	6.0	7.0	n/a	n/a	9.0	n/a	n/a	29
Angular SSR	7.5	4.2	n/a	5.0	8.0	7.0	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	no	7
Vaadin (Flow and Hilla)	4.5	n/a	n/a	7.0	7.0	7.0	n/a	n/a	3.7	server-driven components (Flow) or React views (Hilla)	n/a	20
JSF (Jakarta Faces)	4.7	n/a	n/a	4.0	5.0	4.0	n/a	n/a	6.3	server-side component tree	n/a	3
Thymeleaf	6.4	n/a	n/a	8.0	6.0	4.0	n/a	n/a	n/a	server-side templates	n/a	4
JSP (Jakarta Pages)	5.0	n/a	n/a	6.0	3.0	2.0	n/a	n/a	5.5	n/a	n/a	n/a
GWT	5.7	n/a	n/a	3.0	3.0	4.0	n/a	n/a	2.9	Java compiled to JavaScript (client-side)	n/a	0
Blazor	3.4	10.0	0.8	6.0	8.0	7.0	2.4	0.0	1.9	static SSR, interactive server (SignalR) or WebAssembly	yes	n/a
Razor Pages	n/a	n/a	n/a	8.0	8.0	7.0	n/a	n/a	n/a	server-side page model	yes	n/a
Django templates	n/a	n/a	n/a	8.0	9.0	6.0	n/a	n/a	n/a	server-side templates	yes	n/a
Laravel Blade	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	server-side templates	yes	n/a
Livewire	8.2	0.0	n/a	8.0	6.0	8.0	n/a	n/a	7.8	server-rendered components updated over AJAX	no	6
Inertia	7.1	9.9	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	4.0	server routing with React, Vue or Svelte pages	n/a	0
Phoenix LiveView	5.7	n/a	n/a	6.0	6.0	8.0	n/a	n/a	9.0	n/a	n/a	2
Hotwire (Turbo)	7.1	3.0	n/a	8.0	6.0	6.0	n/a	n/a	8.4	n/a	n/a	1
Bootstrap	9.5	0.0	n/a	9.0	7.0	7.0	n/a	8.8	n/a	n/a	yes	9
Tailwind CSS	9.8	10.0	n/a	6.0	8.0	8.0	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	no	0
Sass (preprocessor, context)	6.9	1.6	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	7.1	n/a	n/a	0
Bulma	8.3	1.1	n/a	8.0	5.0	6.0	n/a	7.2	n/a	n/a	n/a	0
Foundation	7.8	0.2	n/a	6.0	3.0	5.0	n/a	10.0	n/a	n/a	n/a	1
Material UI	9.3	2.3	n/a	6.0	8.0	8.0	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	0
shadcn/ui	9.1	n/a	n/a	7.0	5.0	7.0	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	0
AngularJS (1.x)	6.4	0.0	1.6	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	4.8	n/a	yes	15
Backbone.js	7.9	1.4	0.0	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	5.3	n/a	n/a	1
Ember.js	7.0	0.3	0.0	n/a	n/a	n/a	6.6	5.3	5.6	n/a	yes	0
Knockout	6.9	0.5	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	6.1	6.5	6.4	n/a	n/a	1

Radar comparisons

Each radar compares at most six frameworks; computed axes are marked © and editorial axes (E), and gaps in an outline mean n/a.

Radar chart on nine 0 to 10 axes comparing React, Angular, Vue.js, Svelte, SolidJS and Preact

Figure 25. Client-side UI frameworks. Sources: see the Bibliography; scores from scripts/framework-charts.

Radar chart on nine 0 to 10 axes comparing Next.js, Nuxt, SvelteKit, Astro, Remix and Angular SSR

Figure 26. Meta-frameworks. Sources: see the Bibliography.

Radar chart on nine 0 to 10 axes comparing Vaadin, JSF, Thymeleaf, GWT and JSP

Figure 27. Server-driven Java UI. Sources: see the Bibliography.

Radar chart on nine 0 to 10 axes comparing Blazor, Razor Pages, Livewire, Django templates, Phoenix LiveView and Hotwire

Figure 28. Other server-rendered UI. Sources: see the Bibliography.

Radar chart on six 0 to 10 axes comparing Bootstrap, Tailwind CSS, Bulma, Foundation, Material UI and shadcn/ui

Figure 29. CSS frameworks (own axes). Sources: see the Bibliography.

Table 10. Radar scores: Client-side UI frameworks
Framework	Popularity ©	Growth ©	Talent pool / jobs ©	Ease of use (E)	Ecosystem and maturity (E)	Productivity (E)	Runtime performance ©	Bundle size ©	Performance ©
React	9.8	3.8	10.0	6.0	9.0	6.0	7.9	4.7	6.1
Angular	7.4	1.5	2.2	4.0	9.0	9.0	8.0	5.0	5.0
Vue.js	7.6	2.4	2.5	8.0	8.0	8.0	8.7	6.4	6.6
Svelte	6.7	2.9	0.9	8.0	7.0	6.0	9.2	8.3	8.1
SolidJS	6.5	7.2	n/a	6.0	5.0	5.0	9.4	10.0	9.8
Preact	8.6	5.0	n/a	8.0	7.0	5.0	7.7	9.4	8.0

Table 11. Radar scores: Meta-frameworks
Framework	Popularity ©	Growth ©	Talent pool / jobs ©	Ease of use (E)	Ecosystem and maturity (E)	Productivity (E)	Runtime performance ©	Bundle size ©	Performance ©
Next.js	8.0	5.4	3.6	5.0	8.0	9.0	n/a	n/a	4.5
Nuxt	6.3	2.1	0.5	7.0	7.0	8.0	n/a	n/a	3.6
SvelteKit	7.3	4.3	n/a	7.0	6.0	7.0	n/a	n/a	6.1
Astro	6.3	8.4	0.9	8.0	6.0	7.0	n/a	n/a	9.0
Remix / React Router 7	7.3	3.6	n/a	6.0	5.0	7.0	n/a	n/a	4.1
Angular SSR	7.5	4.2	n/a	5.0	8.0	7.0	n/a	n/a	n/a

Table 12. Radar scores: Server-driven Java UI
Framework	Popularity ©	Growth ©	Talent pool / jobs ©	Ease of use (E)	Ecosystem and maturity (E)	Productivity (E)	Runtime performance ©	Bundle size ©	Performance ©
Vaadin (Flow and Hilla)	4.5	n/a	n/a	7.0	7.0	7.0	n/a	n/a	3.7
JSF (Jakarta Faces)	4.7	n/a	n/a	4.0	5.0	4.0	n/a	n/a	6.3
Thymeleaf	6.4	n/a	n/a	8.0	6.0	4.0	n/a	n/a	n/a
GWT	5.7	n/a	n/a	3.0	3.0	4.0	n/a	n/a	2.9
JSP (Jakarta Pages)	5.0	n/a	n/a	6.0	3.0	2.0	n/a	n/a	5.5

Table 13. Radar scores: Other server-rendered UI
Framework	Popularity ©	Growth ©	Talent pool / jobs ©	Ease of use (E)	Ecosystem and maturity (E)	Productivity (E)	Runtime performance ©	Bundle size ©	Performance ©
Blazor	3.4	10.0	0.8	6.0	8.0	7.0	2.4	0.0	1.9
Razor Pages	n/a	n/a	n/a	8.0	8.0	7.0	n/a	n/a	n/a
Livewire	8.2	0.0	n/a	8.0	6.0	8.0	n/a	n/a	7.8
Django templates	n/a	n/a	n/a	8.0	9.0	6.0	n/a	n/a	n/a
Phoenix LiveView	5.7	n/a	n/a	6.0	6.0	8.0	n/a	n/a	9.0
Hotwire (Turbo)	7.1	3.0	n/a	8.0	6.0	6.0	n/a	n/a	8.4

Table 14. Radar scores: CSS frameworks
Framework	Popularity ©	Growth ©	Usage on websites ©	Ease of use (E)	Ecosystem and maturity (E)	Bundle size ©
Bootstrap	9.5	0.0	10.0	9.0	7.0	8.8
Tailwind CSS	9.8	10.0	4.7	6.0	8.0	n/a
Bulma	8.3	1.1	5.3	8.0	5.0	7.2
Foundation	7.8	0.2	0.3	6.0	3.0	10.0
Material UI	9.3	2.3	7.6	6.0	8.0	n/a
shadcn/ui	9.1	n/a	8.0	7.0	5.0	n/a

Table 15. Basis of each editorial score (radar-scores.csv)
Framework	Axis	Score	Basis
React	Ease of use	6	Small core but JSX, hooks and choosing a router and framework add concepts; SO 2025 admired 52.1%, State of JS retention 72.4%
React	Ecosystem and maturity	9	First npm release by the project 2012, React Foundation (Linux Foundation), highest npm downloads on the page
React	Productivity	6	Web feature matrix 2.5/7: rendering only; routing, data and forms come from frameworks such as Next.js
Angular	Ease of use	4	TypeScript, DI, RxJS and signals before the first page; State of JS retention 48.1%
Angular	Ecosystem and maturity	9	First release 2016, Google, support dates per major (endoflife.date: 22 to 2028-06-30), ten majors in five years
Angular	Productivity	9	Web feature matrix 7/7 (router, signals, forms, TypeScript, CLI, HMR, testing)
Vue.js	Ease of use	8	Single-file components and gentle docs; State of JS retention 84.5%, SO 2025 admired 50.9%
Vue.js	Ecosystem and maturity	8	First release 2013, community (Evan You), no major version in five years
Vue.js	Productivity	8	Web feature matrix 6.5/7 (router, Pinia, TypeScript, create-vue, Vite HMR, test utils)
Svelte	Ease of use	8	Compiler-based components close to HTML; runes added in Svelte 5; SO 2025 admired 62.4%, State of JS retention 87%
Svelte	Ecosystem and maturity	7	First release 2016, Svelte contributors, two majors in five years
Svelte	Productivity	6	Not documented on the site; built-in stores and transitions; routing through SvelteKit
SolidJS	Ease of use	6	JSX with fine-grained signals; different mental model from React; State of JS retention 90%
SolidJS	Ecosystem and maturity	5	First release 2018, no major version in five years, small ecosystem
SolidJS	Productivity	5	Not documented on the site; signals and stores built in; routing via Solid Router
Preact	Ease of use	8	React API in a small package; State of JS retention 81.7%
Preact	Ecosystem and maturity	7	First release 2015, one major in five years, React compatibility layer
Preact	Productivity	5	Not documented on the site; core rendering, signals; routing and tooling external
Next.js	Ease of use	5	App Router, server components and caching rules are hard to master; State of JS retention 55.3%
Next.js	Ecosystem and maturity	8	First release 2016, LTS flag on endoflife.date, four majors in five years
Next.js	Productivity	9	Web feature matrix 6/7 (file routing, server actions, TypeScript, create-next-app, HMR)
Nuxt	Ease of use	7	Conventions and auto-imports keep Vue apps small; State of JS retention 80.4%
Nuxt	Ecosystem and maturity	7	First release 2016, two majors in five years, module ecosystem
Nuxt	Productivity	8	Not documented on the site; file routing, data fetching, server routes and modules
SvelteKit	Ease of use	7	File routing and load functions; State of JS retention 88.7%
SvelteKit	Ecosystem and maturity	6	First release 2020, three majors in five years, adapters for many hosts
SvelteKit	Productivity	7	Not documented on the site; routing, form actions, SSR and adapters
Astro	Ease of use	8	HTML-first components and islands; State of JS retention 94%, SO 2025 admired 62.2%
Astro	Ecosystem and maturity	6	First release 2021, seven majors in five years, 113 releases in 12 months
Astro	Productivity	7	Not documented on the site; content collections, islands for any UI framework, integrations
Remix / React Router 7	Ease of use	6	Loaders and actions on web standards; now merged into React Router 7; State of JS retention 68.1%
Remix / React Router 7	Ecosystem and maturity	5	First release 2021, merged into React Router 7, 4 releases of @remix-run/react in 12 months
Remix / React Router 7	Productivity	7	Not documented on the site; nested routing, data loading and forms
Angular SSR	Ease of use	5	Requires Angular plus hydration and server concepts
Angular SSR	Ecosystem and maturity	8	@angular/ssr since 2023 (17.0.0), same support dates as Angular
Angular SSR	Productivity	7	SSR, hydration and prerendering through the Angular CLI
Vaadin (Flow and Hilla)	Ease of use	7	Java-only UI development for Flow; Hilla adds React views
Vaadin (Flow and Hilla)	Ecosystem and maturity	7	Vaadin 10+ on Maven Central since 2018, four majors in five years
Vaadin (Flow and Hilla)	Productivity	7	Web feature matrix 5/7 (router, Binder forms, start.vaadin.com, live reload)
JSF (Jakarta Faces)	Ease of use	4	Component lifecycle and state saving are complex
JSF (Jakarta Faces)	Ecosystem and maturity	5	Jakarta Faces, Eclipse Foundation, one major in five years
JSF (Jakarta Faces)	Productivity	4	Web feature matrix 2.5/7 (server component tree, validators)
Thymeleaf	Ease of use	8	Natural templates that stay valid HTML
Thymeleaf	Ecosystem and maturity	6	First release 2011, no major in five years, tied to Spring MVC
Thymeleaf	Productivity	4	Web feature matrix 1/7: templating only; forms through Spring MVC
GWT	Ease of use	3	Java-to-JavaScript compilation and tooling from another era
GWT	Ecosystem and maturity	3	On Maven Central since 2007, no major in five years, legacy status
GWT	Productivity	4	Web feature matrix 3.5/7 (places, editors, super dev mode, GWTTestCase)
JSP (Jakarta Pages)	Ease of use	6	Simple scriptlets and JSTL, but mixing logic in pages
JSP (Jakarta Pages)	Ecosystem and maturity	3	Jakarta Pages, Eclipse Foundation, legacy as a view layer
JSP (Jakarta Pages)	Productivity	2	Templating only (scriptlets, EL and JSTL); no component model or routing
Blazor	Ease of use	6	C# components across render modes; several modes to understand; SO 2025 admired 51.9%
Blazor	Ecosystem and maturity	8	Since 2019 (site page web/aspnet/evolution.adoc), Microsoft, follows .NET LTS (endoflife.date)
Blazor	Productivity	7	Web feature matrix 5/7 (router, EditForm, CLI templates, hot reload)
Razor Pages	Ease of use	8	Page-focused model with page handlers
Razor Pages	Ecosystem and maturity	8	First release 2017, Microsoft, follows .NET LTS (endoflife.date)
Razor Pages	Productivity	7	Web feature matrix 5/7 (page routing, forms with tag helpers, CLI, hot reload, test host)
Livewire	Ease of use	8	Interactive components without writing JavaScript
Livewire	Ecosystem and maturity	6	First release 2019, two majors in five years, 57 releases in 12 months
Livewire	Productivity	8	Web feature matrix 4.5/7 (Blade components, validation, artisan, testing)
Django templates	Ease of use	8	Simple template language with inheritance
Django templates	Ecosystem and maturity	9	Part of Django (Django Software Foundation), LTS releases (endoflife.date)
Django templates	Productivity	6	Web feature matrix 4/7 (forms, CLI, test client)
Phoenix LiveView	Ease of use	6	Server-rendered interactivity over WebSockets; requires Elixir
Phoenix LiveView	Ecosystem and maturity	6	First release 2019, one major in five years, 32 releases in 12 months
Phoenix LiveView	Productivity	8	Not documented on the site; live components, forms and uploads with generators
Hotwire (Turbo)	Ease of use	8	HTML over the wire with Turbo frames and streams
Hotwire (Turbo)	Ecosystem and maturity	6	First Turbo release 2021, 5 releases in 12 months
Hotwire (Turbo)	Productivity	6	Not documented on the site; Turbo and Stimulus; server framework provides the rest
Bootstrap	Ease of use	9	Ready-made classes and components
Bootstrap	Ecosystem and maturity	7	First release 2011, no release in the last 12 months, LTS flag on endoflife.date
Bootstrap	Productivity	7	Components, grid and utilities out of the box
Tailwind CSS	Ease of use	6	Utility classes require learning a vocabulary
Tailwind CSS	Ecosystem and maturity	8	First release 2017, two majors in five years, 12 releases in 12 months
Tailwind CSS	Productivity	8	Utilities and design tokens; components from Tailwind UI or shadcn/ui
Bulma	Ease of use	8	Class names read like English; no JavaScript
Bulma	Ecosystem and maturity	5	First release 2016, one major in five years, no release in 12 months
Bulma	Productivity	6	Ready-made components and a Flexbox grid; no JavaScript behaviour, so interactivity is up to the app
Foundation	Ease of use	6	Sass-based, more configuration than Bootstrap
Foundation	Ecosystem and maturity	3	On npm since 2015, no release since 2024-09-27 (6.9.0); GitHub repository not found on deps.dev
Foundation	Productivity	5	Ready-made components and a responsive grid; JavaScript plugins included
Material UI	Ease of use	6	React components following Material Design; theming API to learn
Material UI	Ecosystem and maturity	8	@mui/material since 2021, three majors in five years
Material UI	Productivity	8	Large React component set following Material Design, with theming
shadcn/ui	Ease of use	7	Copy components into the project; requires Tailwind and Radix
shadcn/ui	Ecosystem and maturity	5	shadcn CLI since 2024, 64 releases in 12 months
shadcn/ui	Productivity	7	Accessible components copied into the project, which you own and edit

Summary and recommendations

These recommendations are an editorial judgement built on the data above; each cites the metric it relies on. The snapshot date is 2026-10-27, and surveys, downloads and Core Web Vitals change every month, so re-check the numbers before a decision that will last years.

Mainstream choices.

React with Next.js has the largest talent pool (44.7% survey usage, 21.82% of 2025 hiring postings) and the most downloads; mind Next.js’s lower retention (55.3%) and its advisory count (77).
Angular is the complete toolkit for large teams (the full feature matrix and a dated support window per major), at the cost of the lowest retention here (48.1%).
Vue.js with Nuxt combines high retention (84.5%) with official router and state libraries and a gentle learning curve.

Trends to watch. The data support Astro (State of JS retention 94%, origins up from 466 to 49,450 since January 2023), Svelte (62.4% admired, State of JS usage 14.5% to 27.5% since 2020), SolidJS (the best benchmark and Core Web Vitals results) and htmx (origins up from 1,235 to 25,156 since January 2023), plus Tailwind CSS for styling.

Avoid for new projects, keep for legacy maintenance.

AngularJS reached its end of life on 2021-12-31 and its admired score is 21.9%; migrate to Angular or another framework.
GWT has had no major release in five years and one of the lowest Core Web Vitals pass rates here (23.06% on mobile); JSP as a view layer mixes logic into pages and has no component model. Thymeleaf or Vaadin fit new Java UIs better.
jQuery for new single-page applications: it still runs on 64.4% of websites (W3Techs) but its survey usage fell from 48.7% (2019) to 23.4% (2025); keep it for existing pages.
ASP.NET Web Forms runs on .NET Framework (current cycle 4.8.1 on endoflife.date), not on modern .NET; see the Backend Frameworks Comparison.

Recommendation by purpose.

Matrix of purposes against web frameworks with best, good and acceptable fit cells

Figure 30. Recommendation matrix by purpose. Editorial, based on the data on this page.

Table 16. Recommendation by purpose (editorial, with the data each recommendation relies on)
Purpose	Framework	Fit	Basis
Content and marketing sites	Astro	best	islands ship little JavaScript; State of JS retention 94%
Content and marketing sites	Next.js	good	SSG and ISR; largest meta-framework by usage
Content and marketing sites	Nuxt	good	static generation for Vue teams
SPAs and dashboards	React	best	largest talent pool (SO 2025 usage 44.7%)
SPAs and dashboards	Angular	best	complete toolkit for large teams
SPAs and dashboards	Vue.js	good	gentle learning curve, official router and store
SPAs and dashboards	Svelte	good	small bundles, high retention
SEO-sensitive apps	Next.js	best	SSR, SSG and streaming
SEO-sensitive apps	Nuxt	good	SSR for Vue
SEO-sensitive apps	SvelteKit	good	SSR by default
SEO-sensitive apps	Astro	good	static HTML first
Enterprise internal tools in Java	Vaadin (Flow and Hilla)	best	Java-only UI with commercial support
Enterprise internal tools in Java	Thymeleaf	good	server-rendered pages with Spring Boot
Enterprise internal tools in Java	JSF (Jakarta Faces)	acceptable	existing Jakarta EE estates
Progressive enhancement and hypermedia	htmx	best	HTML attributes over any back end; growth on State of JS
Progressive enhancement and hypermedia	Hotwire (Turbo)	good	Turbo with Rails or any server
Progressive enhancement and hypermedia	Livewire	good	Laravel components without JavaScript
Progressive enhancement and hypermedia	Alpine.js	good	small sprinkles of behaviour
Design systems	Tailwind CSS	best	most downloaded CSS framework, design tokens
Design systems	shadcn/ui	good	owned, accessible components on Tailwind
Design systems	Material UI	good	mature React component library
Design systems	Bootstrap	acceptable	still the most used on websites (W3Techs) but slow release cadence
Legacy maintenance	jQuery	acceptable	used by 64.4% of websites (W3Techs) but not for new SPAs
Legacy maintenance	AngularJS (1.x)	acceptable	end of life 2021-12-31: migrate
Legacy maintenance	GWT	acceptable	legacy Java front ends only

Hiring perspective. React, jQuery, Next.js, Angular and Vue.js have the largest pools (professional survey usage); React and Next.js lead job postings. Svelte, SolidJS, Astro and htmx are niche but growing: easy to motivate developers for, harder to staff quickly.

For most teams the right choice is the one their back end and their developers already support; the metrics above matter most for performance-sensitive public sites and for hiring.

Bibliography

Every number on this page comes from one of the sources below, with its publisher, edition and retrieval date. Captions and tables link to these entries.

The registry of sources is sources.csv in scripts/framework-charts/data, with 62 entries; 36 are used on this page. Every source was opened on 2026-10-27 unless marked otherwise.

Table 17. Data sources used on this page
Source	Publisher	Edition or date	Retrieved	Used for
Stack Overflow Developer Survey 2019	Stack Overflow	2019	2026-10-27	Web frameworks usage (all and professional), loved and wanted
Stack Overflow Developer Survey 2020	Stack Overflow	2020	2026-10-27	Web frameworks usage, loved and wanted
Stack Overflow Developer Survey 2021	Stack Overflow	2021	2026-10-27	Web frameworks usage, loved and wanted
Stack Overflow Developer Survey 2022	Stack Overflow	2022	2026-10-27	Web frameworks and technologies usage, loved and wanted
Stack Overflow Developer Survey 2023	Stack Overflow	2023	2026-10-27	Web frameworks and technologies usage, admired and desired
Stack Overflow Developer Survey 2024	Stack Overflow	2024	2026-10-27	Web frameworks and technologies usage, admired and desired
Stack Overflow Developer Survey 2025	Stack Overflow	2025	2026-10-27	Web frameworks and technologies usage, admired and desired (latest edition with a frameworks question); talent pool
State of JavaScript (2016 to 2025 editions)	Devographics	2016-2025	2026-10-27	front-end, meta-framework and back-end framework usage, retention, interest and awareness
The State of Developer Ecosystem 2023 (language pages)	JetBrains	2023 (with 2022 comparison)	2026-10-27	web framework usage within each language community (Java, JavaScript, PHP, Python, Ruby, C#, Go, Scala)
npm download counts API	npm, Inc.	daily ranges 2015-01-10 to 2026-09-30	2026-10-27	monthly npm downloads, 12-month totals
npm public registry	npm, Inc.	2026-10-27	2026-10-27	first and latest versions, publish dates, licences
PyPI JSON API	Python Software Foundation	2026-10-27	2026-10-27	release history and licences
NuGet search API	Microsoft	2026-10-27	2026-10-27	total downloads per package
NuGet package registration API	Microsoft	2026-10-27	2026-10-27	version history and publish dates
Packagist API and download statistics	Packagist	2026-10-27	2026-10-27	monthly average daily downloads, totals, dependents, version history
crates.io API	Rust Foundation	2026-10-27	2026-10-27	downloads (total, 90 days), version history; requests need a User-Agent header
RubyGems.org API	Ruby Central	2026-10-27	2026-10-27	total downloads and version history
Hex.pm API	Hex	2026-10-27	2026-10-27	downloads and version history
Maven Central repository	Sonatype	2026-10-27	2026-10-27	maven-metadata.xml version lists and .pom Last-Modified dates; Maven Central publishes no download counts
Open Source Insights (deps.dev) API	Google	2026-10-27	2026-10-27	GitHub stars, forks, open issues and licence per repository
OpenSSF Scorecard (via deps.dev)	Open Source Security Foundation	2026-08-24 run	2026-10-27	overall score, Security-Policy and Maintained checks
GitHub REST API	GitHub	n/a	2026-10-27	(unverified) refused with HTTP 403 for repositories outside this site; stars over time, contributors and dependents are n/a
OSV.dev vulnerability database API	Google / OpenSSF	2026-10-27	2026-10-27	security advisories per package (includes GitHub Security Advisories, PYSEC, RUSTSEC, Go)
endoflife.date API	endoflife.date	2026-10-27	2026-10-27	release cycles, support and end-of-life dates, LTS
js-framework-benchmark results (Chrome 156.0.8078.48)	Stefan Krause	results.ts on master, Chrome 156	2026-10-27	keyed CPU and memory geometric means, memory, compressed size, first paint
jsDelivr CDN (npm files)	jsDelivr	2026-10-27	2026-10-27	distributed CSS files of Bootstrap, Bulma and Foundation, gzipped locally
Bundlephobia	Bundlephobia	2026-10-27	2026-10-27	minified and gzipped size of each runtime package
HTTP Archive Core Web Vitals Technology Report API	HTTP Archive	2026-09 crawl	2026-10-27	Core Web Vitals pass rates and adoption (origins) per technology
Usage statistics of JavaScript libraries for websites	W3Techs (Q-Success)	2026-10-27	2026-10-27	share of websites using each JavaScript library
Usage statistics of CSS frameworks for websites	W3Techs (Q-Success)	2026-10-27	2026-10-27	share of websites using each CSS framework
Ask HN: Who is hiring? (monthly threads by whoishiring)	Hacker News (Y Combinator)	2015-01 to 2026-10	2026-10-27	job-posting mention share per framework
Hacker News Search API	Algolia	2026-10-27	2026-10-27	thread discovery and comment trees
Official websites of each framework (website column of frameworks.csv)	framework projects	2026-10-27	2026-10-27	governance and ownership statements; concurrency-model evidence for undocumented frameworks
This site: framework sections (site_page column)	Irurueta Docs	2026-10-27	2026-10-27	feature, deployment, real-time and concurrency evidence
ASP.NET evolution (this site)	Irurueta Docs	2026-10-27	2026-10-27	Web Forms, MVC and Blazor release years
Editorial assessment (this dataset)	Irurueta Docs	2026-10-27	2026-10-27	feature-matrix "no" values and editorial radar axes; rubric in NOTES.md

Table 18. Sources listed for the comparison that could not be used (unverified)
Source	Publisher	Edition or date	Retrieved	Reason
PyPI downloads public BigQuery dataset	Python Software Foundation	n/a	2026-10-27	(unverified) not queried: requires a Google Cloud project; long-term PyPI history is therefore n/a
pepy.tech PyPI download statistics	pepy.tech	n/a	2026-10-27	(unverified) not used: the API requires a key
OSS Insight API	PingCAP	n/a	2026-10-27	(unverified) repository endpoint returned HTTP 500 and the stargazer history endpoint HTTP 401
National Vulnerability Database	NIST	n/a	2026-10-27	(unverified) returned HTTP 403; CVE ids come from OSV aliases
Internet Archive Wayback Machine	Internet Archive	n/a	2026-10-27	(unverified) not reachable from the authoring environment